Just after the turn of the nineteenth century, with Thomas Jefferson in office, the pirates of the Barbary States were reigning with horror off the Mediterranean coast between Egypt and the Atlantic Ocean. Attacking American and European vessels at will, the pirates captured our ships, taking our men prisoners, and selling them as slaves. The European response to the disruption of trade routes and the unprovoked aggression against men and ships was mostly a matter for financiers. Denmark paid the pirates and their government sponsors a large sum of money to keep the peace as did many other European nations. Initially, the American response was simply to endure the attacks because American merchant ships were bringing significant revenue and goods back to the burgeoning new nation. Trade for the US had never been better, in spite of the attacks, and thus the piracy went unanswered for some time.
"Not long after Jefferson's inauguration and Secretary of the Navy Robert Smith's assumption of office, the US Navy had been reduced to just six ships and a handful of officers and men."
"Jefferson's dream of a miniscule navy guarding America's coast as proper for a frugal and peaceful people evaporated in the face of renewed Barabry raids on American vessels in the Mediterranean. Soon the attacks by Tripoli, Tunis, Morocco, and Algiers forced the land oriented president to reverse himself and call for a naval force to deter the Barabry powers. Navy monies were doubled."
"Trouble with the Barbary pirates did not end until 1815-1816 when Naval squadrons under commodores Stephen Decatur and William Bainbridge used a show of force to compel Algeria, Tunis and Tripoli to desist. The Barbary Wars of 1801 to 1805 demonstrated graphically that naval power, especially when projected into an enemy's home waters was a very effective protection for national interests." (Morris, History of the US Navy)
"Exasperated with these pirates, the United States sent a fleet to attack them. Decatur, a young officer, steered boldly into their harbor one night; burned one of their vessels [actually the Philadelphia, an American vessel which had been captured], and, before the pirates could get themselves together, sailed coolly out, and was soon beyond their reach. Many other brilliant attacks were made upon them, until the pirates began to understand they had a new sort of foe to deal with. Peace was declared, and there was no more trouble with the pirates for a time." (Pratt, American History Stories Vol. II reprinted from the original school textbook of 1890)
There are enough parallels between the events of the early 1800s and the fight against terrorists that began in the last century and continues today to fill the pages of a book but that is work for another. Consider the following points:
1) American military forces had been deliberately weakened by dovish politicians prior to being drawn into war by terrorists in both instances. (Bush 41 and Clinton failed us there.)
2) Appeasement was a policy for most of Europe and even for the US. It failed and only led to a continuing escalation of attacks. (Khobar towers, USS Cole, WTC '93, embassy bombings...)
3) A growing economy, the object of America's focus caused politicians to turn a blind eye and ignore the growing threat. (It's the economy, Stupid!)
4) Only when the threat materialized into an unavoidable and economy threatening menace were we compelled to act. The men of the Philadelphia languished imprisoned for three years before the US paid a bribe for their release. (Whatever did happen to the bombers of the USS Cole?)
5) The Barbary Wars are largely unappreciated by historians and academics. And most Americans have probably never even heard of them. In reviewing my college history texts to verify dates, I found 2 whole sentences dedicated to Jefferson's war. It wasn't until Madison's administration that the Barbary issue was finally put to rest. It took the interim years to build up a navy capable of dealing with the pirates and the states that harbored them. Anti-war sentiment presently, runs largely in the same circles and will undoubtedly be reflected in war coverage daily as well as in the books our children read.
6) There was land action against the states that provided safe haven (sound familiar?) to the pirates. You're familiar, I suppose, with the Marine Corp hymn "From the halls of Montezuma to the shores of Tripoli..."
7) Fighting our enemy, in the Mediterranean sea, in his "home waters", provided us with victory. Time will tell with the war on terror. But clearly history does not support taking a purely defensive position.
I'll leave the rest of the analysis to you folks out there in blog land, if you're interested.